Publications

Absztrakt: Predicting viral evolution presents a significant challenge and is a critical public health priority. In response to this challenge, we develop a novel model

Absztrakt: Background While outcomes of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants have improved significantly in high-income countries over recent decades, data from Central-Eastern Europe are

Absztrakt: Survival analysis models in clinical research must effectively handle censored data, where complete survival times are unknown for some subjects. While established methodologies exist

Absztrakt: Generative large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the development of knowledge-based systems, enabling new possibilities in applications like ChatGPT, Bing, and Gemini. Two key

Absztrakt: Health care provider payment schemes consist of a complex set of arrangements used to influence provider behavior towards specific health policy objectives. The study

Absztrakt: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an urgent need for advanced modeling approaches to understand the complex dynamics of disease transmission. Our model utilizes

Absztrakt: Considering all historically known diseases, leprosy is one of the most complicated and neglected and among all the persistent challenges in leprosy eradication goals,

Absztrakt: Background In an efficient and effective healthcare delivery, good communication plays an essential role. The communicative health literacy (COMM-HL) of the patients is an

Absztrakt: A healthy diet is a key determinant of successful aging. However, the psychological, social, and physiological changes associated with ageing often disrupt dietary behaviours.

Absztrakt: Patients with High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (HGSOC) exhibit varied responses to treatment, with 20–30% showing de novo resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. While hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained

Absztrakt: There is strong epidemiological evidence that development of various cancer types is linked to infection with flukes (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) in Africa, Asia and the

Absztrakt: Despite ongoing antibiotic development, evolution of resistance may render candidate antibiotics ineffective. Here we studied in vitro emergence of resistance to 13 antibiotics introduced

Absztrakt: Several antibiotic candidates are in development against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, but their long-term utility is unclear. To investigate this issue, we studied the laboratory

Absztrakt: It has been clearly demonstrated over the past years that control theory can provide an efficient framework for the solution of several complex tasks

Absztrakt: This article provides a snapshot of primary prevention activities in hospitals in 20 European high-income countries, based on inputs from experts of the Observatory’s

Absztrakt: In this paper, an optimization-based approach is proposed for finding parametervalues that guarantee a predefined qualitative behavior for a nonlinear nonnegative dynamical system. Similarly

Absztrakt: Bolygónk biodiverzitásának csökkenését részint az idegenhonos inváziós fajok megtelepedése és terjedése idézi elő. Ha egy inváziós faj meghonosodott egy új élőhelyen, oly mértékben megváltoztathatja

Absztrakt: We construct a control system for an epidemics, where the aim of the control is to keep the effective reproduction number below a tolerance

Absztrakt: To address a gap in our understanding of viral infections in epidemiologically important rat species, we aimed to detect DNA viruses from the tissues

Absztrakt: In taxonomic works, the weight to be given to morphological, mitochondrial, or nuclear signals, and the assessment of differences as species or subspecies distinctions

Absztrakt: The increasingly widespread application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in clinical diagnostics and epidemiological research has generated a demand for robust, fast, automated, and user-friendly

Absztrakt: We estimated XBB.1.5 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection among adults aged ≥ 65 years during the 2023/2024 JN.1 lineage-predominant period in a European multi-country

Absztrakt: Objectives: The aim of this matched prospective cohort study was to examine the microarchitecture of the augmented bone following a modified alveolar ridge splitting

Absztrakt: Several rodent species are considered ecosystem engineers. They exert profound changes in agroecosystems by disturbing the soil during their activities. The steppe mouse (Mus

Absztrakt: Due to their potential role in pathogen transmission, invasive mosquitoes pose considerable threats to human and animal health. Several studies have identified the most

Absztrakt: Background There has been an increase in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the general population, accompanied by a decline in confidence that vaccines provide adequate

Absztrakt: Introduction It is well known that social contact patterns differ from country to country. This variation coincides with significant socioeconomic heterogeneity that complicates the

Absztrakt: Traditional gene set enrichment analyses are typically limited to a few ontologies and do not account for the interdependence of gene sets or terms,

Absztrakt: Phage therapy is gaining increasing interest in the fight against critically antibiotic-resistant nosocomial pathogens. However, the narrow host range of bacteriophages hampers the development

Absztrakt: Variables related to socioeconomic status (SES), including income, ethnicity, and education, shape contact structures and affect the spread of infectious diseases. However, these factors

Absztrakt: Background The invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major concern for human and animal health given its high potential to spread over large geographical distances, adapt

Absztrakt: We provide an in silico study of stochastic viral infection extinction from a pharmacokinetical viewpoint. Our work considers a non-specific antiviral drug that increases the virus

Absztrakt: Background Smoking is the leading behavioural risk factor for mortality globally, accounting for more than 175 million deaths and nearly 4·30 billion years of

Absztrakt: Background Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care,

Absztrakt: Rationale: Prior research suggests that belief in conspiracy theories can reduce the willingness of individuals to get vaccinated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining factors

Absztrakt: Az ökológiai restauráció létfontosságú a növényi invázió korlátozásában, az inváziókontroll és a biotikus rezisztencia növelése révén. Hipotézisünk szerint az elsőbbségi hatással, a honos fajok

Absztrakt: Repeated surveys of vegetation plots offer a viable tool to detect fine-scale responses of vegetation to environmental changes. In this study, our aim was

Absztrakt: Sustainable wildlife management requires reliable data on population, habitat, and the interaction between them. Since 1993, Hungary has maintained the National Game Management Database,

Absztrakt: Sporobolus cryptandrus is a C4 perennial bunchgrass native to extensive areas of North America. As a non-native species, it has been reported from several continents, and it

Absztrakt: Sewage metagenomics has risen to prominence in urban population surveillance of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Unknown species with similarity to known genomes cause

Absztrakt: Harrison’s Rule (HR) postulates a positive allometry between host and parasite body sizes. We tested HR for Syringophilid quill mites parasitizing birds. Using host

Absztrakt: Representing social systems as networks, starting from the interactions between individuals, sheds light on the mechanisms governing their dynamics. However, networks encode only pairwise

Absztrakt: There is a rich body of literature on the distribution of cancer incidence and mortality in socioeconomically different world regions, but none of the

Absztrakt: Hyalomma marginatum, a vector for the high-consequence pathogen, the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), needs particular attention due to its impact on public health.

Absztrakt: We conducted a multicentre test-negative case–control study covering the period from October 2023 to January 2024 among adult patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalised with severe

Absztrakt: Pigeons’ unexpected competence in learning to categorize unseen histopathological images has remained an unexplained discovery for almost a decade (Levenson et al 2015 PLoS One 10 e0141357). Could it

Absztrakt: Polymorphisms in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene are known to be strongly associated with increased cardiovascular risk, primarily through their effects on

Absztrakt: Ascorbate (Asc) is a major plant metabolite that plays crucial roles in various processes, from reactive oxygen scavenging to epigenetic regulation. However, to what

Absztrakt: In autumn 2023, European vaccination campaigns predominantly administered XBB.1.5 vaccine. In a European multicentre study, we estimated 2023 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed symptomatic infection

Absztrakt: Vaccine hesitancy is an inevitable risk for societies as it contributes to outbreaks of diseases. Prior research suggests that vaccination decisions of individuals tend

Absztrakt: Background In Hungary, although six types of vaccines were widely available, the percentage of people receiving the primary series of COVID-19 vaccination remained below

Absztrakt: Optimizing vaccination impact during an emerging disease becomes crucial when vaccine supply is limited, and robust protection requires multiple doses. Facing this challenge during the

Absztrakt: The Eurasian beaver is an ecosystem engineer species capable of altering the riparian vegetation and the hydrology of freshwater habitats. The study of its

Absztrakt: Importance  In the context of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants or lineages and new vaccines, it is key to accurately monitor COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (CVE) to inform

Absztrakt: Hepatozoon spp. are tick-borne apicomplexan parasites of terrestrial vertebrates that occur worldwide. Tissue samples from small rodents and their parasitizing fleas were sampled for molecular

Absztrakt: Tick paralysis is a potentially fatal condition caused by toxins produced and secreted by tick salivary glands. This survey presents clinical and epidemiological observations

Absztrakt: Judicial practice plays a crucial role in the functioning of the legal system, particularly in areas where the content of general rules is shaped

Absztrakt: Background Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on

Absztrakt: Background Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and

Absztrakt: Background Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to

Absztrakt: Background Accurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for

Absztrakt: Individuals’ socio-demographic and economic characteristics crucially shape the spread of an epidemic by largely determining the exposure level to the virus and the severity

Absztrakt: Hungary provides the opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in a setting where naturally acquired immunity and hybrid immunity are likely to

Absztrakt: Novel digital data sources and tools like machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have the potential to revolutionize data about development and can

Absztrakt: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, manifests with differing severity across distinct patient subgroups, with outcomes influenced by underlying comorbidities such as cancer, which may cause

Absztrakt: Background The variety of available flavors in e-cigarettes may be a driver for young people to start using these products. The objectives of our

Absztrakt: We construct and analyse a compartmental model for the spread of COVID-19 considering testing and quarantine with a risk-based evaluation of individuals to be

Absztrakt: Vaccination has proven to be the most effective public health measure in the fight against various infectious diseases. For emerging or re-emerging diseases, a

Absztrakt: Dirofilaria species are mosquito-borne filarial nematodes, with a high veterinary and public health importance, but growing evidence also indicates their frequent occurrence in wildlife. Wild

Absztrakt: Background Scarce European data in early 2021 suggested lower vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages than previous variants. Aim We aimed to estimate

Absztrakt: Metabolic networks evolve through changes in enzyme content and activity states, but the latter aspect remains elusive. This is a major knowledge gap since

Absztrakt: Background Two prefusion F protein-based vaccines, Arexvy and Abrysvo, have been approved by Health Canada for protecting older adults against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory tract disease.

Absztrakt: Covert tobacco advertisements often raise regulatory measures. This paper presents that artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, has great potential for detecting hidden advertising and

Absztrakt: We conducted a multicentre hospital-based test-negative case–control study to measure vaccine effectiveness (VE) against PCR-confirmed influenza in adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection

Absztrakt: Temporal networks are commonly used to represent dynamical complex systems like social networks, simultaneous firing of neurons, human mobility or public transportation. Their dynamics

Absztrakt: Objectives: This study aimed to create a three-dimensional histological reconstruction through the AI-assisted classification of tissues and the alignment of serial sections. The secondary aim

Absztrakt: Unintentional human-vectored seed dispersal (HVD) occurs when the seed dispersal vectors are humans, and the seeds are attached to clothing or footwear during various

Absztrakt: Metcalfa pruinosa is a highly polyphagous, invasive insect in Europe with the capability of transferring phytoplasma. In the present study, we aim to identify volatile

Absztrakt: Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, significantly influence neuronal function, with variations in morphology and density linked to neurological disorders. Traditional methods for their

Absztrakt: Introduction Policies that reduce tobacco retail density to decrease tobacco use among the youth are critical for the tobacco endgame. This paper reviews a Hungarian

Absztrakt: Empirical invasion ecology is laden with high context dependency. If general mechanisms underlying invasion success exist, they should be detectable in species that share

Absztrakt: Pairwise temporal interactions between entities can be represented as temporal networks, which code the propagation of processes such as epidemic spreading or information cascades,

Absztrakt: Background Influenza A(H3N2) viruses dominated early in the 2022–2023 influenza season in Europe, followed by higher circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses. The

Absztrakt: The coevolution of hosts and symbionts based on virulence and mode of transmission is a complex and diverse biological phenomenon. We introduced a conceptual

Absztrakt: Lice were collected from 579 hummingbirds, representing 49 species, in 19 locations in Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras, Paraguay and Peru, at elevations 0–3000 m

Absztrakt: Freshwater ecosystems and their bordering wetlands and riparian zones are vital for human society and biological diversity. Yet, they are among the most degraded

Absztrakt: We consider the SIRWJS epidemiological model that includes the waning and boosting of immunity via secondary infections. We carry out combined analytical and numerical investigations

Absztrakt: Plant invasion and habitat fragmentation have a detrimental effect on biodiversity in nearly all types of ecosystems. We compared the direct and indirect effects

Absztrakt: The number of species of the Hungarian scale insect fauna increased to 279. A new mealybug(Pseudococcidae) species proved to be Iris mealybug (Phenacoccus emansor

Absztrakt: Monitoring the effective reproduction number R_t of a rapidly unfolding pandemic in real-time is key to successful mitigation and prevention strategies. However, existing methods based on

Absztrakt: Forest management has a major impact on the understorey vegetation, with the intensity and type of the applied silvicultural treatments driving variable vegetation responses.

Absztrakt: Multicellular organisms engage in complex ecological interactions with microorganisms, some of which are harmful to the host’s health and fitness (e.g., pathogens or toxin-producing

Absztrakt: The natural regeneration of the temperate oak forests is often insufficient. Acorns of the oak serve as the basis of the recruitment and key

Absztrakt: Introduction The I-MOVE-COVID-19 and VEBIS hospital networks have been measuring COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in participating European countries since early 2021. Aim We aimed

Absztrakt: We propose a within-host mathematical model for the dynamics of Usutu virus infection, incorporating Crowley–Martin functional response. The basic reproduction number R0 is found by applying

Absztrakt: Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that causes outbreaks of fatal disease in humans. Fruit bat, also known as the flying fox, is

Absztrakt: Achieving price efficiency via tenders, the sustainability of competition, and the prevention of shortages are hot topics in the debates about shaping the pharmaceutical

Absztrakt: The restoration of invasion-resistant plant communities is an important strategy to combat the negative impacts of alien invasions. Based on a systematic review and

Absztrakt: Background The World Health Organization (WHO)’s excess mortality estimates presented in May 2022 stirred controversy, due in part to the high estimate provided for

Absztrakt: In the Anthropocene, humans are among the most abundant long-distance seed dispersal vectors globally, due to our increasing mobility and the growing global population. However, there

Absztrakt: The demographic transition poses a significant challenge for health systems, especially in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, where the healthcare needs of aging

Absztrakt: During several epidemics, transmission from deceased people significantly contributed to disease spread, but mathematical analysis of this transmission has not been seen in the

Absztrakt: Background: Evaluating and integrating digital health technologies is a critical component of a national healthcare ecosystem in the 2020s and is expected to even increase

Absztrakt: A mathematical model was formulated to investigate Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) co-infection in a population; taking into account that HSV can

Absztrakt: Background: Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases

Absztrakt: (Motivation) Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a promising approach for monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic, since the measurement process is cost-effective and is exposed

Absztrakt: Background:  Despite the growing number of health literacy surveys, we know little about the combined effect of the different dimensions of health literacy on

Absztrakt: Background Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for

Absztrakt: We formulated and studied mathematical models to investigate control strategies for the outbreak of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, considering the transmission between humans

Absztrakt: In this paper, we quantify the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the spread of COVID – both individually and in various combinations. We

Absztrakt: Restoring near-natural grasslands on roadsides is an excellent opportunity to support native biodiversity and provide ecosystem services that benefit the safety and functionality of

Absztrakt: Emerging infectious disease (EID) represents an existential threat to humanity. EIDs are increasing in frequency and impact because of climate change and other human

Absztrakt: Emerging infectious disease (EID) represents an existential threat to humanity. EIDs are increasing in frequency and impact because of climate change and other human

Absztrakt: Emerging infectious disease (EID) represents an existential threat to humanity. EIDs are increasing in frequency and impact because of climate change and other human

Absztrakt: An annotated synthesis of textbook definitions of parasitism is presented. Most definitions declare parasitism is a long-lasting relationship between individuals of different species harming

Absztrakt: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is known to influence HDL-C levels, potentially altering the profile of HDL subfractions and consequently cardiovascular risk (CVR). This

Absztrakt: Background Between October 2022 and January 2023, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B/Victoria viruses circulated in Europe with different influenza (sub)types dominating in different areas.

Absztrakt: Background Urbanization can be a significant contributor to the spread of invasive mosquito vector species, and the diseases they carry, as urbanized habitats provide

Absztrakt: Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable

Absztrakt: Scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) fauna on imported tropical and subtropical fruits collected between 2013 and 2021 was investigated. The study revealed two armored scale

Absztrakt: Motivated by the emergence of new variants during the COVID-19 pandemic, we consider an epidemiological model of disease transmission dynamics, where novel strains appear

Absztrakt: Along small watercourses, the growth and renewal of native willows and poplars (Salicaceae species) are hindered by the effects of past and recent man-made landscape

Absztrakt: Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can lead to serious complications, including death, particularly in young children. In this study, we developed

Absztrakt: Climate change, intensified tourism and trade activity have resulted in several exotic mosquito species invading the temperate zone, with considerable ecological and economic consequences,

Absztrakt: HÁTTÉR ÉS CÉL – A dohányzás elleni küzdelemben kiemelten fontos teendô a leszokás támogatása. Elôzô kutatási eredmények arra utalnak, hogy a romantikus partnernek szerepe

Absztrakt: The direction the evolution of virulence takes in connection with any pathogen is a long-standing question. Formerly, it was theorized that pathogens should always

Absztrakt: Ornamental plants constitute a major source of invasive species. Gaillardia aristata (great blanketflower) is planted worldwide and its escape has been reported in several European countries without

Absztrakt: Emerging infectious diseases have posed growing medical, social and economic threats to humanity. The biological background of pathogen spillover or host switch, however, still

Absztrakt: Invasion of alien species is one of the main drivers of land degradation threatening both natural and managed ecosystems. Ecological restoration is crucial in

Absztrakt: In the past few years COVID-19 posed a huge threat to healthcare systems around the world. One of the first waves of the pandemic

Absztrakt: The general shape (from linear to complex curve), direction (negative and positive) and strength (steepness of the slope) of abundance–impact relationships for different impact

Absztrakt: The ornate dog tick (Dermacentor reticulatus) shows a recently expanding geographic distribution. Knowledge on its intraspecific variability, population structure, rate of genetic diversity and

Absztrakt: Functional metagenomics is a powerful experimental tool to identify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, but the range of suitable host bacterial species

Absztrakt: The arrangement of network nodes in hyperbolic spaces has become a widely studied problem, motivated by numerous results suggesting the existence of hidden metric

Absztrakt: Bacterial evolution of antibiotic resistance frequently has deleterious side effects on microbial growth, virulence, and susceptibility to other antimicrobial agents. However, it is unclear

Absztrakt: Aims During the progress of oncological diseases, there is an increased probability that spinal metastases may develop, requiring personalised treatment options. Risk calculator systems aim to

Absztrakt: In this paper, we investigate pattern dynamics in a reaction-diffusion-chemotaxis food chain model with predator-taxis, which extends previous studies of reaction-diffusion food chain model.

Absztrakt: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a clear and present need for urgent decision making. Set in an environment of uncertain and unreliable data, and

Absztrakt: In this note we consider two populations living on identical patches, connecteby unidirectional migration, and subject to strong Allee effect. We show that bincreasing

Absztrakt: The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of

Absztrakt: We documented the presence/absence of the eggs of Trochiloecetes, Trochiliphagus, and Leremenopon lice on over 50,000 hummingbird specimens (representing 348 species plus 247 additional subspecies) in four museums

Absztrakt: Question This study aimed to assess the impact of the invasion of Asclepias syriaca, a perennial non-native herbaceous species, on basic soil attributes and vegetation composition,

Absztrakt: Background Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from

Absztrakt: Several ungulate species are showing increasing population patterns within their geographical distribution ranges, leading to constant interactions with other animal species. Varying densities and

Absztrakt: Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with

Absztrakt: Statistical learning algorithms strongly rely on an oversimplified assumption for optimal performance, that is, source (training) and target (testing) data are independent and identically

Absztrakt: Sowing is widely used for the restoration of species-rich grasslands but still there are knowledge gaps regarding the most suitable application of different seed

Absztrakt: In this paper, we present our research on social dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary, and show how these studies were integrated into

Absztrakt: Background: Last year’s epidemic experience proved that measurement of vaccine hesitancy is undeniably important. Existing methods for measuring this propensity are still either too

Absztrakt: Globally, humanity is coming to recognize the magnitude of the interactive crisis for emerging infectious disease (EID). Strategies for coping with EID have been

Absztrakt: Several studies have reported the waning effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. This study aims to demonstrate the applicability of the screening method for estimating vaccine

Absztrakt: The COVID-19 pandemic is the latest example of the profound socioeconomic impact of the emerging infectious disease (EID) crisis. Current health security measures are

Absztrakt: Aims: During the progress of oncological diseases, there is an increased probability that spinal metastases may develop, requiring personalised treatment options. Risk calculator systems aim

Absztrakt: Fallow deer is one of the most common and widespread cervid species in Europe. To make informed management decisions on any scale, it is

Absztrakt: SIRS models capture transmission dynamics of infectious diseases for which immunity is not lifelong. Extending these models by a W compartment for individuals with waning immunity,

Absztrakt: In this paper, a predictive-control-based approach is proposed for pandemic mitigation with multiple control inputs. Using previous results on the dynamical modeling of symptom-based

Absztrakt: Forest soils are shaped by various processes, like runoff, erosion, sedimentation and bioturbation. A better understanding of the interactions between abiotic and biotic soil-forming

Absztrakt: Various measures have been implemented around the world to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. A potential tool to reduce disease transmission is regular mass

Absztrakt: Many countries have secured larger quantities of COVID-19 vaccines than their population is willing to take. The abundance and the large variety of vaccines

Absztrakt: Retrospective evaluation of past waves of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic is key for designing optimal interventions against future waves

Absztrakt: SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has caused devastating health and economic impacts around the globe since its appearance in late 2019. The advent

Absztrakt: Paxlovid is a promising, orally bioavailable novel drug for SARS-CoV-2 with excellent safety profiles. Our main goal here is to explore the pharmacometric features